英语里如果要删掉一个字母,删掉哪个影响最小?

发布时间:
2024-08-09 11:57
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E的使用率非常高,高达11%,Q的使用率最低!

理应删掉Q才对,但是有一个作家做了一件很可怕的事,用事实告诉了读者,26个字母,那个都不重要,都可以删除,对书写没什么影响。

作者欧内斯特·文森特·赖特在1939年写了一部小说《Gadsby 》,中文译名为《盖兹比》。

这部小说的內容总共50,000 字,除了引言和结尾的注释外,没有使用字母“e” 。

以下节取其中一段內容:

If Youth, throughout all history, had had a champion to stand up for it; to show a doubting world that a child can think; and, possibly, do it practically, you wouldn't constantly run across folks today who claim that "a child don't know anything." A child's brain starts functioning at birth; and has, amongst its many infant convolutions, thousands of dormant atoms, into which God has put a mystic possibility for noticing an adult's act, and figuring out its purport.
Up to about its primary school days a child thinks, naturally, only of play. But many a form of play contains disciplinary factor. "You can't do this," or "that puts out out," shows a child that it must think, practically, or fail. Now, if, throughout childhood, a brain has no opposition, it is plain that it will attain a position of "status quo," as with our ordinary animals. Man knows not why a cow, dog, or lion was not born with a brain on a par with ours; why such animals cannot add, subtract, or obtain from books and schooling, that paramount position which Man Holds today.
But a human brain is not in that class. Constantly throbbing and pulsating, it rapidly forms opinions; attaining an ability of its own; a fact which is startlingly shown by an occasional child "prodigy" in music or school work. And as, with our dumb animals, a child's inability convincingly to impart its thoughts to us, should not class it as ignorant.

没有一个"E",丝毫不影响,并且多用的是口语化的方式,这也体现了英语句子的多种表达极其丰富。

还有另外一部小说《La Disparition》是一部 1969 年的法国小说,部分灵感来自《Gadsby》,这部小说的特色,同样是同样省略了字母“e”,长度为 50,000 字。该书的作者乔治·佩雷克 (Georges Perec ) 。

《尤诺亚》(Eunoia)是加拿大作家克里斯蒂安·博克(Christian Bök,2001 年)写的一本书。

标题中每个元音都使用一次,本书的五章每一章都是用了漏字文。

本书第一章仅使用包含元音“A”的单词,没有其他元音。第二章仅使用除“E”之外没有元音的单词,依此类推地除去“I”、“O”、“U”。

或许这就是腐朽木剑境界:四十岁后,不滞于物,草木竹石均可为剑。自此精修,渐进于无剑胜有剑之境。

这种创作方式,约束写作(Constrained writing)是一种文学技巧,其中作者受到某种条件的约束,禁止某些字词或强加一种模式。

对写作的限制很常见,并且可以用于多种目的。

例如,文本可以对其词汇量进行限制,例如基础英语、无系词文本、词典定义词汇等等。

这种是被称为漏字文(lipogram),被省略的元音是常见的元音(如英语中的e),透过第一段中文译文,可以感受到其英文使用的怪异之处:

A lipogram is a kind of writing with constraints consisting of writing full paragraphs or books in which a particular symbol, such as that fifth symbol (which is most common in talks), is missing. An author must submit to an awful handicap, allowing only consonants and A, I, O, and U. This is ordinarily a quorum of half of fifty.

漏字文是种写作技巧,受到不能在撰写全文或书籍时特定的符号,例如第五个符号(最常在对话中出现的)被缺漏的约束。作者必须服从这种可怕的阻碍,只使用子音以及A、I、O、U。通常字母数的低标是50的一半。(漏字文是受到约束的,在这种文章中,一个特定的符号(如第五个符号,它在讲话中最常出现)被省略。作者必须服从可怕的阻碍,只使用辅音和a、i、o、u进行写作。通常,被规则允许的字母数是25个)

另一个例子,这次读者更难发现其中的问题;

This is an unusual paragraph. I'm curious how quickly you can find out what is so unusual about it? It looks so plain you would think nothing was wrong with it! In fact, nothing is wrong with it! It is unusual though. Study it, and think about it, but you still may not find anything odd. But if you work at it a bit, you might find out! Try to do so without any coaching!
(这是一段不同寻常的文章。我对阁下能在多长时间内发现这段文章的奇异之处深表好奇。它看上去很普通,你可能认为它没什么错误!事实上,它确实没有错误!可是它仍然是不同寻常的。研究它,思考它,但你可能仍发现不了它任何的古怪之处。但是,如果你的研究再深入一点的话,你可能就会发现它的奇妙之处!在没有指导的情况下自己试着发现这一奇妙之处吧!)

写出一篇不含字母zjx的漏字文很容易,但写出一篇不含常见字母e的漏字文则很难。如此写作很不切实际,因为作者必须略去不用很多常用单词,结果造成文章生硬难懂。写得好的漏字文数量很少。

最早是源自于希腊的漏字文(英语:lipogram希腊语lipagrammatos,意为“失踪的字母”),是一种有意避免使用某个或某几个特定字母的写成的文章,漏字文可能在写作或文字游戏中出现。

拉苏斯是最古老的漏字文作者,根据昆图斯·库尔蒂乌斯·鲁弗斯的说法,他让漏字文成为“西方文学中最古老的文学技巧”。

拉苏斯(英语:Lasus of Hermione),约活动于公元前6世纪前后。[1]古希腊赫尔莫伊内的早期抒情诗人与音乐家。他在希帕尔库斯(僭主希比阿斯的兄弟)的帮助下从事创作。著有赞美诗并成为雅典酒歌的创始人。他曾检举奥诺马克里图斯伪造了穆萨埃乌斯的神谕。其诗歌作品大部分已经失传。

拉苏斯不喜欢西格玛sigma),并将其从他的一首诗中排除,题为《半人马颂歌》(Ode to the Centaurs),这首诗什么也没有留下;以及一首献给得墨忒耳的赞美诗,其中第一节仍然存在:

原来:

Δάματρα μέλπω Κόραν τε Κλυμένοι᾽ ἄλοχον

μελιβόαν ὕμνον ἀναγνέων

Αἰολίδ᾽ ἂμ βαρύβρομον ἁρμονίαν

音译:

Dámatra mélpô Kóran te Klyménoi᾽ álochon

melibóan hýmnon anagnéôn

Aiolíd᾽ ám barýbromon harmonían

英译:

I chant of Demeter and Kore, Wife of the famed [Hades]

Lifting forth a gentle-voiced hymn

In the deep-toned Aeolian mode.

现代还有一些漏字文技巧的诗:

A jovial swain should not complain

Of any buxom fair

Who mocks his pain and thinks it gain

To quiz his awkward air.

最后,再附上两首以省略E的诗歌:

Bold Nassan quits his caravan,
A hazy mountain grot to scan;
Climbs jaggy rocks to find his way,
Doth tax his sight, but far doth stray.
-------Susan Elkin,Lipograms: The Presence of Absence, p. 15.

这是一首 1870 年之前的匿名诗:

《Fate of Nassan》
Bold Nassan quits his caravan,
A hazy mountain grot to scan;
Climbs jaggy rocks to find his way,
Doth tax his sight, but far doth stray.
Not work of man, nor sport of child
Finds Nassan on this mazy wild;
Lax grow his joints, limbs toil in vain—
Poor wight! why didst thou quit that plain?
Vainly for succour Nassan calls;
Know, Zillah, that thy Nassan falls;
But prowling wolf and fox may joy
To quarry on thy Arab boy.

有兴趣可以看看英语中qu搭配为什么常见?

为什么英文字母Q出现在单词中时,999‰的单词以字母组合QU的形式出现?


英语里怎么表达「甲乙丙丁」?


人会创造一个完全没有意义的詞吗?

以下为笔者之关于诗词研究的收藏夹:诗词歌行

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